Recent Changes

Flanders: A major trading region where present-day Belgium and The Netherlands lie.
Prague: The present-day capital of the Czech Republic, used to be a very important education cennter.
Chapter Theme Question: HowQuestion::
How might nations
The most common way for this to happen in when a group of people in a region feels ethnically different from another group of people in the same country. Then, they attempt to form their own government through negotiations, or often war. A good example of theis is the 100 year's war in France during the middle ages.
Section Foucus Question: WhatQuestions:
What were the
The crusades were a series of religious wars, where the europeans and the muslims were trying to gain control of the holy lands. Both the Christians and the Muslims wanted to capture Jerusalem.
What were the most important types of architecture during the middle ages?
churches every built.built, with their stained glass windows and flying buttresses.
What was the Hundred Years' war?
The Hundered Years' war was a series of battles and conflicts between France and England from 1337 to 1453. The war was fought mostly on Frence soil, and damaged a lot of infastructure in France, even though the French eventaually drove the English out. There were many important military developments during this time such as the longbow and the use of gunpowder and cannons.
Developing Critical Skills Questions:
What weas the original purpose of the Crusades, and what were the actual effects?
The crusades were a series of religious wars fought over the holy lands of Palestine. The Christians of Europe wanted to regain the holy lands from the Muslims. They succeded in this in the first Crusade, but then lost the lands soon after and could not reconquer them in the second or their crusades.
How did the teachings of Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas build on those af Aristotle?
Aquinas basically just summarized the Christian thought of the time that he lived. Abelard built on the teaching of Aristotle by showing the inconsistancies with the teaching of the bible, emphisizing imroving life by human reason, but also ensuring salvation in the afterlife.
Describe the Gothic and Romanesque styles of architecture.
Romanesque architecture was very popular, which included many domes, arches, and vaults. In wetern Europe, a new style emerged, called Gothic. Gothic churches are very tall, and considered some otf the most beautiful churches every built, with their stained glass windows and flying buttresses.
What caused trade to increase in Europe in the late Middle Ages, and how did this effect the economy of Europe?
Increased road technology to bulid trade routes was a major reason for increased trade. Trade routes over water from the holy land to Italy also sprang up,l and from there goods traveled by land across Europe. As Europeans deiscoved that they could get spices, silk, and precious gems from Asia demand for these items increased. As a result, markets were needed to sell the goods, and primitive manufacturing, banking, and investment systems were established.
Summary of section one:
The title of Section 5 is Wars and the Growth of Nations. The first war that is talked about in the Hundered Years' war between England and France. Many new military advances were made here, and power of the English parliment grew. In France during this time, Joan of Arc helped defeat English forces at Orlean, but was later burned at the stake when captured. After the war, Lois the 6th strengthened French government.
Meawhile, in Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella made Spain into a strong monarchy, and introduced the terrible Inquisition. The Hasburgs of Germany made sure that their family was in most of the bloodline of the popes. Later, in the great Schism, leaders were divided to whom should be elected Pope.

Section Foucus Question: What were the Crusades, and why did they occur?
The crusades were a series of religious wars, where the europeans and the muslims were trying to gain control of the holy lands. Both the Christians and the Muslims wanted to capture Jerusalem.
middle ages? booobbbies
Romanesque architecture was very popular, which included many domes, arches, and vaults. In wetern Europe, a new style emerged, called Gothic. Gothic churches are very tall, and considered some otf the most beautiful churches every built.

The most common way for this to happen in when a group of people in a region feels ethnically different from another group of people in the same country. Then, they attempt to form their own government through negotiations, or often war. A good example of theis is the 100 year's war in France during the middle ages.
Section Foucus Question: What were the Crusades, and why did they occur?
capture Jerusalem.
What were the most important types of architecture during the middle ages? booobbbies

John Wycliff: Attacked the wealth of the church and the pope's claim to ultimate authority.
Jan Hus: A rector at the University of Prague. He was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake.
Places:
County of Edessa: The northernmost crusader state, recaptured by the Turks in 1147.
Principality of Antioch: City and State set up by the crusadrs in the holy land.
County of Tripoli: Another state set up by the crusaders. Just north of Jerusalem.
Kingdom of Jerusalem: Jerusalem and the surrounding area. Captured by the crusaders on the first crusade, but then recapured by the Muslims.
English Channel: The narrow strip of water separating England with the French mainland.
Flanders: A major trading region where present-day Belgium and The Netherlands lie.
Prague: The present-day capital of the Czech Republic, used to be a very important education cennter.
Chapter Theme Question: How might nations begin to form from separate groups of people?
The most common way for this to happen in when a group of people in a region feels ethnically different from another group of people in the same country. Then, they attempt to form their own government through negotiations, or often war. A good example of theis is the 100 year's war in France during the middle ages.
Section Foucus Question: What were the Crusades, and why did they occur?
The crusades were a series of religious wars, where the europeans and the muslims were trying to gain control of the holy lands. Both the Christians and the Muslims wanted to capture Jerusalem.

Scholasticism: The attempt of Medieval philosophers to reconcile Christian Faith with Aristotle's beliefs.
Patriotism: The feeling of loyalty to a country as a whole.
Babylonian Captivity: Period of Papal history named after Hebrew exile from Babylon.
The Great Schism: The period in which two popes, one in France and one in Italy, excommunicated each other.
People:
Pope Urban 2: A pope eager to reagain control of the holy lands from the Saljuq Turks. He urged all of Europe's religious people to join wars to "recover the holy lands".
Peter Abelard: Wrote "Yes and No", which asked questions about church doctrine.
Thomas Aquinas: A Dominican friar who wrote about Christian thought at the time.
Joan of Arc: 16-year-old peasant girl who defended the city of Orleans. She was later captured and burned at the stake.
Charles the seventh: Stripped of his crown by Joan of Arc and the rightful heir.
Estates General: A representative assembly resembling the English Parliament. He controlled finances and passed laws.
Ferdinand of Aragon: Married Isabella of Castile, and captured Granada, the last stronghold of the Moors in Spain. Started the Inquisition, and forced all Jews and Moors to become Catholic or leave.
Habsburgs: A powerful medieval family originating in Switzerland, who eventually gained control through marrage much of the Holy Roman Empire.
Pope Boniface 8: Decreed that clergymen did not have to pay taxes. For this, he was tried and captured.
John Wycliff: Attacked the wealth of the church and the pope's claim to ultimate authority.
Jan Hus: A rector at the University of Prague. He was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake.

ChapterChapter 11
Terms:
you died.
Barter Economy: An economy in which goods and services are exchanged for other goods or services, without the use of money.
Domestic System: Method of production in which manufacturing took place is the workers' homes, instead of in a shop or factory.
Capital: Wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to produce profits.
Market Economy: Enconomy where land, labor, and capital are controlled by individuals.
certain town.
Craft Guilds: A group of skilled workers that all engaged in one particular craft.
Apprentice: First stage that a member of a craft guild has to complete in his training; he becomes an apprentice, living in a master's house and learning skills.
Journeyman: A skilled artisan who worked for a master for daily wages.
Vernacular Language: Everyday speech that varied from place to place.
Troubadours: Traveling singers. Used one of the first forms of vernacular literature.
Scholasticism: The attempt of Medieval philosophers to reconcile Christian Faith with Aristotle's beliefs.
Patriotism: The feeling of loyalty to a country as a whole.
People:
Pope Urban 2: A pope eager to reagain control of the holy lands from the Saljuq Turks. He urged all of Europe's religious people to join wars to "recover the holy lands".
Louis 7 and Conrad 3: Co-leaders of the second crusade. This crusade was pretty much a failure, with the army failing to capture the city of Damascus from the Turks.
Salah al-Din: Muslim leader who captured Jeruselem in 1187, and provoked the third crusade.
Dante: A medieval poet who was born in Florence in 1265. Considered the father of modern Italian, he used the Tuscan dialect in his literature. He wrote A Divine Comedy.
Chaucer: Born in England in 1340, he wrote The Canterbury Tales. His writings were in Middle English.
Peter Abelard: Wrote "Yes and No", which asked questions about church doctrine.
Thomas Aquinas: A Dominican friar who wrote about Christian thought at the time.

Barter Economy: An economy in which goods and services are exchanged for other goods or services, without the use of money.
Domestic System: Method of production in which manufacturing took place is the workers' homes, instead of in a shop or factory.
Ursury: charging interest on loans.
Capital: Wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to produce profits.
Market Economy: Enconomy where land, labor, and capital are controlled by individuals.
Mercant Guild: A guild that gained a right to have a trade monopoly in a certain town.
Craft Guilds: A group of skilled workers that all engaged in one particular craft.
People:
Pope Urban 2: A pope eager to reagain control of the holy lands from the Saljuq Turks. He urged all of Europe's religious people to join wars to "recover the holy lands".

Terms:
Crusades: Expeditions to regain the holy lands for many different reasons. They promised adventure, and a trip straight to heaven if you died.
Barter Economy: An economy in which goods and services are exchanged for other goods or services, without the use of money.
Domestic System: Method of production in which manufacturing took place is the workers' homes, instead of in a shop or factory.
People:
Pope Urban 2: A pope eager to reagain control of the holy lands from the Saljuq Turks. He urged all of Europe's religious people to join wars to "recover the holy lands".
Louis 7: Leader7 and Conrad 3: Co-leaders of the second Crusade.
Conrad 3: Leadercrusade. This crusade was pretty much a failure, with the army failing to capture the city of Damascus from the Turks.
Salah al-Din: Muslim leader who captured Jeruselem in 1187, and provoked the third crusade.
Dante:

Chapter 11
Terms:
Crusades: Expeditions to regain the holy lands for many different reasons. They promised adventure, and a trip straight to heaven if you died.
People:
Pope Urban 2: A pope eager to reagain control of the holy lands from the Saljuq Turks. He urged all of Europe's religious people to join wars to "recover the holy lands".
Louis 7: Leader of the second Crusade.
Conrad 3: Leader of the